Case Studies

Brewer spectrophotometers are among the most sophisticated instruments currently used to measure stratospheric ozone and solar UV radiation. Global solar UV radiation entering the spectrophotometer is sampled by a diffusion plate to measure its intensity. The diffusion characteristics of this entrance optic is one of the most i...

Earth-based measurements of solar UV radiation are currently made using complex scanning spectroradiometers, installed at a limited number of monitoring stations worldwide. These instruments are expensive to purchase and maintain, and time consuming to use. The introduction of newer, faster compact CCD array spectroradiometers,...

When released, ammonia reacts with atmospheric acids to form harmful particles which damage the environment, ecosystems and human health. To combat this, the EU National Emission Ceilings Directive has set emissions reduction goals, requiring member states to track ammonia emissions reductions via a network of monitors. These m...

Since their introduction, the Euro regulations have significantly reduced exhaust pollution by progressively decreasing the permitted emissions. As a consequence, the low levels of particulate permitted by the next iteration of Euro regulations, Euro 6c, due to be implemented in September 2017, are now beyond the sensitivity of...

Congested areas such as city centres still suffer from elevated levels of certain pollutants - in particular NO2 , which is associated with adverse effects on health including reduced life expectancy. To tackle the problem, Switzerland, a leading player striving towards cleaner air, is introducing improved automotive exhaust em...

Euro 5b and 6b and its predecessors involve both the initial type testing of new automotive engines and, as emissions change over time, the periodic testing of engines throughout their lifetimes. Since their introduction, the Euro regulations have significantly reduced exhaust pollution by progressively decreasing the permitted...